Gizmorama - September 18, 2017

Good Morning,

Get this...3D human tissue models are ready for development! Thanks, the National Institutes of Health!

Learn about this and more interesting stories from the scientific community in today's issue.

Until Next Time,
Erin

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* NIH grants $15M for development of 3D human tissue models *
The National Institutes of Health has awarded $15 million for Tissue Chip for Disease Modeling and Efficacy Testing to develop 3D human tissue models.

The awards were granted to 13 institutions as two-year awards totaling $15 million per year to develop 3D microphysiological system platforms that model human disease. The awards are the first phase of a five-year program to allow scientists to better understand disease mechanisms and predict how patients will respond to specific treatment.

The 3D platforms, known as tissue chips, support living cells and human tissues to mimic the complex biological functions of organs and tissues to provide a new way to test potential drugs and their effectiveness.

"The goal is for these tissue chips to provide more accurate platforms to understand diseases, and to be more predictive of the human response to drugs than current research models, thereby improving the success rate of candidate drugs in human clinical trials," NCATS Director Dr. Christopher P. Austin said in a press release.

The National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, or NCATS, launched its Tissue Chip program in 2012 to study microphysiological systems to study drug safety and toxicity faster.

The awards will be used to study common and rare diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, influenza A, kidney disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS, arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy, and hemorrhagic telangiectasia.

Award recipients are Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Columbia University, Duke University, Harvard University, Northwestern University, University of California Davis, University of California Irvine, University of Pittsburgh, University of Rochester, University of Washington Seattle and Vanderbilt University.



*- Scientists work to keep NASA's space telescope in the dark -*
NASA scientists are taking on the vital task of ensuring unwanted infrared light does not interfere with the optical testing of the James Webb Space Telescope.

"One of the challenges of testing an infrared telescope is that room-temperature objects [such as the walls of the vacuum chamber itself, or the warm electronics systems inside it] glow at the wavelengths of light that the telescope is trying to measure," Randy Kimble, a scientist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md., said in a press release. "If not carefully controlled, that warm glow can provide an unwanted background in the telescope's images, which would compromise the optical testing."

Due to the telescope's extreme sensitivity to infrared light, scientists are using a cold, gaseous helium shroud inside Chamber A, where the Webb is located, as the innermost of two shrouds used to cool the Webb telescope down to temperatures it will experience while operating in orbit.

The shroud sits inside an outer liquid nitrogen shroud. The two shrouds are thin, cylindrical, metal shells that work together to lower the temperature of the area where the telescope sits.

The two shrouds are nested together inside the chamber similar to Russian Matryoshka dolls with the chamber as the largest "doll," followed by the liquid nitrogen shroud, the cold gaseous helium shroud, and then the smallest "doll" being the telescope itself. The liquid nitrogen and cold gaseous helium flow through plumbing that crisscrosses the surface of their respective shrouds.

Scientists must protect the shroud doors, which provide access to the shrouds' interiors, to ensure unwanted infrared light is not able to interfere with the telescope. To do this, engineers used a layer of black Kapton, a thin, opaque, plastic film used to curtain the door into the cold gaseous helium shroud and curtail the amount of light that can get into the shroud through the seam around the door.

"Many people have worked for years on the test design and implementation to keep infrared light, from warm sources in the test chamber, from getting into the telescope beam," Kimble said. "The final visual inspections and blanket closeouts...are just the icing on that well-baked cake."

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