Gizmorama - September 7, 2016

Good Morning,

Have ever wondered where solar wind comes from? Well, thanks to NASA's Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory, scientists have a much better idea.

Learn about this and more interesting stories from the cientific community in today's issue.

Until Next Time,
Erin

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*-- Russian researchers build novel plasma generator --*
MOSCOW - Researchers at Russia's National Research Nuclear University have developed a novel plasma generator. The device emits high-energy electron pulses using an impulse magnetron to evaporate material and direct it onto a substrate.

The intense high-current pulses are created by shooting a stream of electrons through a magnetic field onto a liquid target. For their experiments, physicists at the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute used a liquid copper target.

The combination of intense pressure and high-energy discharge causes the liquid to evaporate. The diffused plasma is then deposited onto a substrate in the form of a super thin, high-quality coating.

Efficient processes for the application of super thin metal and dielectric films are highly sought after in electronics and machine-building, as well as architecture. The new plasma generator could be used to apply a hard coating to sharp cutting tools or metallizing special optical filters.

The new technology combines the advantages of previous plasma coating techniques: high-power impulse magnetron sputtering and current pulse magnetron discharge, both of which were effective but slow and more energy intensive.

"We managed to unite the advantages of both technologies in the created device for radiation of pulse magnetron discharge with a melted cathode," MEPhI engineer Alexander Tumarkin said in a news release.

Researchers are currently working out the details of how their device can be incorporated into industrial applications.

The technology was detailed in a paper published in the journal Surface and Coatings Technology.



*-- NASA's STEREO shows where solar wind comes from --*
BOULDER, Colo. - Thanks to NASA's Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory -- their STEREO -- scientists now have a much clearer idea of where and how solar wind forms.

What scientists didn't exactly understand, until now, was how structured and straight solar rays become the twisting and turbulent winds that travel outward through the solar system.

Solar rays don't swirl as they protrude from the corona, the sun's upper atmosphere, but follow straight lines.

At some point, they make the transition to solar wind. The new STEREO imagery has revealed that point as the outer edge of the corona, the outer bondary of the sun.

After using an algorithm to dim the appearance of gas, dust and polluting starlight in the new images, researchers were able to watch stellar rays break up and become solar wind in slow motion.

The moving images reveal the important role the sun's magnetic field plays in controlling the structure of its rays. As they near the sun's boundary, the rays turn from plasma to gas.

"As you go farther from the sun, the magnetic field strength drops faster than the pressure of the material does," Craig DeForest, solar physicist at the Southwest Research Institute, said in a news release. "Eventually, the material starts to act more like a gas, and less like a magnetically structured plasma."

Scientists have previously hypothesized that the sun's magnetic field dictates the appearance and behavior of its plasma rays, but now they have detailed evidence of the process.

Researchers hope the insights provided by the new imagery will improve their understanding of the large-scale physics that govern the sun and the rest of the solar system.

"Now we have a global picture of solar wind evolution," added Nicholeen Viall, solar scientist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. "This is really going to change our understanding of how the space environment develops."

Researchers described the breakthrough images in this week in the Astrophysical Journal.

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