April 06, 2020
Enjoy these interesting stories from the scientific community.
*-- Plasma transfusion shows promise for COVID-19 treatment, says China study --*
Donor blood plasma from people who have recovered from COVID-19 appears to work as a treatment for the virus, a new analysis has revealed.
Published Friday by JAMA, the study involving five patients from Shenzhen, China, treated with the approach saw many of their symptoms resolves within several days.
It's believed that the blood of those who recover from the infection may contain elevated levels of antibodies that can be used to bolster the immune systems of patients with the disease. The approach has been tried with other serious infectious diseases, including Ebola and SARS, another coronavirus.
New York earlier this week announced plans to start a trial of the treatment in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in the state. The Manhattan-based New York Blood Center has been cleared to begin collecting blood from patients who have recovered from the virus, but this process isn't likely to start until more of them actually do.
"Even though the cases in the report by Shen et al are compelling and well-studied, this investigation has important limitations that are characteristic of other 'anecdotal' case series," Drs. John D. Roback and Jeannette Guarner, of Emory University School of Medicine, wrote in a linked commentary, also published by JAMA. "The intervention, administration of convalescent plasma, was not evaluated in a randomized clinical trial, and the outcomes in the treatment group were not compared with outcomes in a control group of patients who did not receive the intervention. Therefore, it is not possible to determine the true clinical effect of this intervention or whether patients might have recovered without this therapy."
In addition, the Emory authors, who were not part of the Shenzhen study, noted, patients received numerous other therapies -- including antiviral drugs and steroids -- "making it impossible to disentangle the specific contribution of convalescent plasma."
They added that the treatment was also administered up to three weeks after the five patients had been admitted to the hospital, "and it is unclear whether this timing is optimal or if earlier administration might have been associated with different clinical outcomes," the added.
At this point, though, there is no proven cure for COVID-19, the disease caused by the new coronavirus, which has since sickened more than 500,000 people worldwide. To date, more than 26,000 people have died from the virus.
All five patients included in the Shenzhen study were critically ill at the time they started the experimental treatment, suffering from high fever and acute respiratory distress syndrome, or ARDS, or the significant shortness of breath caused by the severe pneumonia that comes with advanced COVID-19. The patients ranged from 36 to 65 years of age, and two were women.
Each of the patients received two consecutive transfusions of 200 to 250 milliliters of convalescent plasma -- 400 milliliters total -- on the same day it was obtained from the donor. The patients received antiviral agents continuously until the SARS-CoV-2 viral loads became negative.
Following plasma transfusion, four out of five of the patients had a normal body temperature within three days. These patients also showed signs of recovery from the organ failure -- primarily kidney and liver -- caused by the virus.
In addition, within 12 days, the new coronavirus was no longer detectable in their blood, and levels of antibodies against the virus in their blood were increased. Four of the patients also no longer had ARDS 12 days after transfusion, and three "were weaned from mechanical ventilation" within two weeks of treatment.
Of the five patients, the authors reported, three have been discharged from the hospital after stays of more than 50 days. The other two are in stable condition 37 days following plasma transfusion.
*- NASA's next Mars rover to carry 10.9M names, 155 essays to Red Planet -*
 NASA's Mars Perseverance rover is set to carry the names of 10,932,295 people to the Red Planet. The names, etched onto tiny silicon chips by an electron beam, were recently attached to an aluminum plate on the rover at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.
The names scheduled to be carried into space next year were submitted by participants in NASA's "Send Your Name to Mars" campaign. Silicon chips featuring the essays of 155 finalists from NASA's "Name the Rover" contest were also affixed to the aluminum plate, which was mounted on the rover's aft crossbeam. The plate features an etched illustration of Mars and Earth linked by the rays of the sun.
Earlier this week, engineers began configuring the rover for its ride on the Atlas V rocket.
"Steps included stowing the robotic arm, lowering and locking in place the remote sensing mast and high-gain antenna, and retracting its legs and wheels," according to NASA.
As of now, the rover's July 2020 launch date hasn't been delayed. The rover is scheduled to touch down on Mars in early 2021.
In addition to almost 11 million names, the Mars Perseverance rover will also carry a miniature helicopter to the Red Planet, which could help the rover locate interesting scientific destinations.
The helicopter, which was installed on the rover last summer, is primarily a proof-of-concept experiment. It it fails to take to the air, the scientific goals of the Mars 2020 mission will not be inhibited. If it succeeds, scientists and engineers will be able to integrate second-generation copters into future scientific missions.
Like its predecessors, the newest Mars rover will study the Red Planet's geologic and sedimentary structures to better understand the planet's watery past.
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