October 23, 2019
Learn about this and more interesting stories from the scientific community in today's issue.
*-- New plasma wave accelerator propels electrons to record speeds --*
Scientists have set a new record for electron acceleration using a plasma wave accelerator. The new technology produced electron beams with energies up to 7.8 billion electron volts across an 8-inch-long plasma wave.
Particle accelerators are essential to advanced particle physics and the quest to solve the great mysteries of the cosmos. But today's particle accelerators are massive, requiring miles of underground space. They also cost millions of dollars to construct.
To advance the field, scientists have been working to develop particle accelerators in more compact sizes. To shrink the cost and size of the technology, researchers had to boost acceleration.
To enhance acceleration, scientists at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's BELLA Center deployed a new type of plasma waveguide.
The new device features a gas-filled sapphire tube. An electrical discharge triggers the formation of plasma, and a laser fired through the tube hollows out a channel in the plasma. The wall of plasma surrounding the channel then helps to focus the subsequent laser pulses.
By concentrating the energy of the laser pulses, the accelerator can achieve greater electron beam energies across a shorter space.
"The heater beam allowed us to control the propagation of the driver laser pulse," lead researcher Anthony Gonsalves said in a news release. "The next experiments will aim to gain precision control over electron injection into the plasma wave for achieving unprecedented beam quality, and to couple multiple stages together to demonstrate the path to even higher energy."
Gonsalves is scheduled to present his team's achievement on Wednesday at the 61st Annual Meeting of the APS Division of Plasma Physics.
The energies achieved at such a small scale doubled the world record for plasma wave accelerators. But to approach electron acceleration energies comparable to the Large Hadron Collider and other underground facilities, researchers must find a way to connect a series of laser plasma accelerators.
*-- Physicists discover new stable form of plutonium --*
Using the European Synchrotron, a team of physicists have identified a new stable form of plutonium. The newly discovered compound exists in a solid state and features an unexpected, pentavalent oxidation state.
The discovery, detailed this week in the journal Angewandte Chemie International Edition, was an accident. Researchers originally set out to develop improved methods for preventing nuclear meltdowns and accidents, as well as the scope of the ensuing fallout.
To replicate the release and spread of radioactive nuclides into and throughout the environment -- and thus, develop preventative and control strategies -- scientists at the Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf synthesized and observed the behavior of actinides, a group of metallic elements that are heavy, radioactive and very unstable.
To create actinides, scientists use precursors. The researchers discovered the new compound while attempting to create plutonium dioxide nanoparticles using a Pu (VI) precursor.
"Every time we create nanoparticles from the other precursors Pu(III), (IV) or (V) the reaction is very quick, but here we observed a weird phenomenon half way," Kristina Kvashnina, physicist from HZDR, said in a news release.
When the scientists synthesized a stable phase of Pu(V), they assumed they had made a mistake.
"Chemists were in complete disbelief, but the results were quite clear," said Kvashnina, who is currently working with the ROBL beamline at the European Synchrotron in France.
To confirm the surprise discovery, scientists use the ROBL beamline to image the edge of a plutonium isotope called Pu M4. As before, they spotted the stable plutonium form.
"Our choice of beamline was straightforward: the ESRF-ID26 beamline, as it is the best place, regarding the intensity and energy resolution, where such high-energy resolution X-ray absorption spectroscopy studies at low energies can be done," Kvashnina said. "In fact the Pu M4 edge HERFD experiment was done at ID26 for the first time. To the best of our knowledge, HERFD data at the Pu M4 edge have never been reported in the literature and never been exploited."
When scientists looked again three months later, they got the same results, confirming the stability of the new form of plutonium.
To better understand how to store nuclear waste and prevent it from escaping into the environment, scientists build models to predict the behavior of actinides like plutonium. The latest discovery will force scientists to tweak those models.
"It is a difficult task and only theoretical predictions are possible, but the existence of this new Pu(V) solid phase, which is stable, will have to be taken into account from now on," said Kvashnina.
"It will change, for sure, the theoretical predictions of plutonium behavior in the environment over a period of millions of years."
|