Gizmorama - August 27, 2018

Good Morning,

Light has momentum? Apparently, it does. Scientists have finally solved a mystery that has plagued the scientific community for 150 years.

Learn about this and more interesting stories from the scientific community in today's issue.

Until Next Time,
Erin

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*-- Light has momentum, new research confirms --*
Scientists have solved a 150-year-old mystery about the nature of light-matter interactions. Researchers were able to measure the force light exerts on matter.

The breakthrough confirmed light possesses momentum, an idea first proposed by the great German astronomer Johannes Kepler in 1619. Kepler surmised the pressure of the solar rays caused comets' tails to always point away from the sun.

In 1873, James Clerk Maxwell, a pioneer of mathematical physics, elaborated on the idea, claiming momentum within electromagnetic fields of light accounted for the phenomenon.

"Until now, we hadn't determined how this momentum is converted into force or movement," Kenneth Chau, a professor of engineering at the University of British Columbia, Okanagan, said in a news release. "Because the amount of momentum carried by light is very small, we haven't had equipment sensitive enough to solve this."

With the help of new technology, scientists built a sensor sensitive enough to measure the interaction between photons and matter.

First, researchers outfitted a special mirror with acoustic sensors. Next, the engineers wrapped the mirror in a heath shield to minimize interference and background noise. Then, scientists shot laser pulses at the mirror and measured the elastic waves rippling across the face of the mirror.

"We can't directly measure photon momentum, so our approach was to detect its effect on a mirror by 'listening' to the elastic waves that traveled through it," said Chau. "We were able to trace the features of those waves back to the momentum residing in the light pulse itself, which opens the door to finally defining and modelling how light momentum exists inside materials."

The new research, described this week in the journal Nature Communications, could help scientists develop a variety of light-powered technologies.

"Imagine travelling to distant stars on interstellar yachts powered by solar sails," said Chau. "Or perhaps, here on Earth, developing optical tweezers that could assemble microscopic machines."

Scientists at NASA and the Planetary Society are, in fact, working on solar sail technology.



*-- Artificial intelligence helps scientists track particles --*
Researchers at the University of North Carolina have deployed machine learning to boost particle-tracking software.

The ability to precisely track individual particles is essential to the study of human disease and potential remedies. Improved particle-tracking software can help scientists more accurately characterize molecular interactions between viruses, cells and drug-carrying nanoparticles.

Advancements in imaging technologies have helped scientists capture high-definition video of molecular interactions. Now, researchers are turning to artificial intelligence to interpret such footage.

"In order to derive meaning from videos, you have to convert the videos into quantitative data," Sam Lai, an associate professor at the UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, said in a news release. "With current software, researchers must carefully supervise the video conversion to ensure accuracy. This often takes many weeks to months, and greatly limit both the throughput and accuracy. We got tired of the bottleneck."

Software traditionally used to identify and track particles have narrow parameters. Boundaries defining a particle's characteristics -- size, brightness, shape -- help software identify particles. But software can miss particles that don't quite fit the parameters. When different algorithms deploy different parameters, results can vary.

To fix the problem, researchers looked to artificial intelligence software used in smart cars.

"Self-driving cars work because they can see and keep track of many different objects around them in real time," said M. Gregory Forest, a professor of mathematics and applied physical sciences at UNC.

"We wondered if we could create a version of that kind of artificial intelligence that could track thousands of nanoscale particles at one time and do it automatically."

Forest and his colleagues built a neural network to identify and track particles. Neural networks mimic the learning process of the human brain. The algorithms get better at their assigned task by processing vast amounts of useful information.

For example, an algorithm designed to recognize a cancer cell would learn by processing thousands of pictures of cancer cells. The algorithm learns to recognize commonalities among the images. Over time, the algorithm becomes more accurate.

Researchers at UNC fed their neural network with high-quality data from a variety of laboratory experiments. The data helped the algorithm learn to adjust its parameters for different videos, improving the software's ability to automatically identify and track particles.

"Tracking the movement of nanometer-scale particles is critical for understanding how pathogens breach mucosal barriers and for the design of new drug therapies," said the study's lead author, Jay Newby, an assistant professor at the University of Albert. "Our advancement provides, first and foremost, substantially improved automation. Additionally, our method greatly improves accuracy compared with current methods and reproducibility across users and laboratories."

Researchers detailed their new neural network this week in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Science.

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