Gizmorama

July 7, 2010
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Good Morning,

Scientists venture into the world of sports by explaining
the unnatural tendencies of the plays in soccer. It's all
in the physics! To learn more check out the first article
in this newsletter.

Until Next Time,
Erin

Questions? Comments? Email me at: mailto:gizmo@gophercentral.com
Email your comments=

P.S. You can discuss this issue or any other topic in the new
Gizmorama forum. Check it out here...
http://gizmorama.gophercentral.com
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Physics laws lead to super soccer plays

LYNCHBURG, Va. - Science helps explain how the world's soccer
players playing in the World Cup can make a soccer ball do
things that don't seem natural, a U.S. scientist said. U.S.
scientist John Eric Goff, in an article published in the July
issue of Physics Today, looked at the ball's design and how
its surface roughness and asymmetric air forces help deter-
mine its path once it leaves a player's foot, the American
Institute of Physics said in a release. His analysis indi-
cated reduced air density in games played at higher alti-
tudes -- such as those in South Africa -- can contribute to
some of the eye-popping ball trajectories already seen in
some of this year's World Cup matches. "The ball is moving
a little faster than what some of the players are used to,"
said Goff, a physics professor at Lynchburg College in
Virginia and an expert in sports science. Goff said soccer
is more than a sport -- it is a living lab where physics
equations are constantly expressed. Goff's recently published
book, "Gold Medal Physics: The Science of Sports," explores
the scientific mechanisms behind some of the greatest moments
in sports history, including quarterback Doug Flutie's "Hail
Mary" touchdown pass from the Boston College 22 yard line
that led to a BC victory over the University of Miami.

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Crabs decimating Cape Cod marsh grasses

BOSTON - A crab known as Sesarma reticulatum has been de-
stroying the marsh grasses on Cape Cod, scientists working
in Massachusetts say. The crabs' appetite for cordgrass is
leaving the marshes vulnerable to erosion and endangering
some of the world's most important ecosystems, the Boston
Globe reported Tuesday. Biologist Mark Bertness of Brown
University has been working for the past three years to un-
derstand the die-off of Cape grasses. Early findings indi-
cate that predators of the Sesarma crab are less prevalent
in marshes disturbed by human activity, especially fishing.
Bertness says that suggests recreational fishing has reached
a "tipping point," altering nature's balance by depleting
the crab's enemies and allowing them to thrive in greater
numbers. "It's looking like a classic story of humans alt-
ering one link in the food chain and everything going nutty,"
says Stephen Smith, a plant ecologist at the Cape Cod Nati-
onal Seashore.


Scientists find human, bird brain parallel

SAN DIEGO - Human brains are more similar to bird brains
than once thought, scientists at the University of California-
San Diego discovered. The researchers' new study found a
comparable region in chicken brains that analyzes audio input
is constructed similarly to that of mammals, including
humans, the university reported in a news release. For more
than 100 years, neuroscientists believed the brains of humans
and other mammals differed from the brains of animals such as
birds, partially based upon the physical structure of the
neocortex, the region of the brain responsible for complex
cognitive behaviors, the university said Friday. "And so
ends, perhaps, this claim of mammalian uniqueness," said
Harvey J. Karten, a professor at the School of Medicine's
Department of Neurosciences and lead author of the study,
published in the latest edition of Proceedings of the Nati-
onal Academy of Sciences Online Early Edition. In their re-
search, the UCSD researchers mapped a region of the chicken
brain similar to the mammalian auditory cortex, both of which
handle listening duties. The researchers said they found the
bird's cortical region has cell formations and microcircuits
virtually identical to those in the mammal's cortex. The
findings indicate certain cellular properties of the neocor-
tex aren't unique to mammals and may have evolved from cells
and circuits in much more ancient vertebrates, the researchers
said.

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Milky Way stars born of violent collisions

DURHAM, England, July 1 - Many ancient stars in the Milky
Way are remnants of small galaxies torn apart in violent
galactic collisions 5 billion years ago, U.K. researchers
say. Scientists at the Durham University in the United King-
dom made the discovery by running huge computer simulations
to recreate the beginnings of Earth's galaxy, a university
release said Wednesday. Researches at the school's Institute
for Computational Cosmology say simulations revealed the
ancient stars, located in an area of debris surrounding the
Milky Way, had been ripped from smaller galaxies by the
gravity generated by galactic collisions. The early universe
was full of small galaxies, which led short and violent
lives, colliding with each other and leaving remains that
eventually became familiar galaxies like Earth's Milky Way,
cosmologists say. Durham's researchers say their results
support the theory that many of the Milky Way's ancient
stars were once part of other galaxies instead of being the
earliest stars born inside Earth's galaxy when it started
forming about 10 billion years ago.

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