Gizmorama - June 25, 2018

Good Morning,

NASA has developed a new device that can track water used by the plants on Earth from the International Space Station. That's remarkable! Just think of all the data that will enrich the scientific community.

Learn about this and more interesting stories from the scientific community in today's issue.

Until Next Time,
Erin

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* New NASA instrument on ISS to track plant water use on Earth *
To better track water use by Earth's plants, NASA is preparing to install a new instrument on the International Space Station.

The instrument is called ECOSTRESS, or ECOsystem Spaceborne Thermal Radiometer Experiment on Space Station, and it will measure the changing temperatures of plants on Earth's surface.

To avoid overheating, plants transpire, just as humans sweat. Transpiration is the process of taking up water through the root system and released it through the plant's pores. The process brings down the plant's temperature.

When there is insufficient water, plants close their pores to avoid drying out. But pores are also essential for the plant's uptake of CO2, the process of photosynthesis, which plants use to produce fuel for their cells.

If a plant is exposed to prolonged "water stress," it will eventually starve or overheat, and die.

"When a plant is so stressed that it turns brown, it's often too late for it to recover," Simon Hook, ECOSTRESS principal investigator at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, said in a news release. "But measuring the temperature of the plant lets you see that a plant is stressed before it reaches that point."

Using ECOSTRESS, scientists and agricultural agencies can spot signs of mounting water stress -- the beginning of a drought -- by watching for rising temperatures among crop fields. Recognizing water stress early could allow farmers and others to develop a solution and plan accordingly. Scientists have previously experimented with the use of electric leaf sensors to monitor a plant's water intake.

"ECOSTRESS will allow us to monitor rapid changes in crop stress at the field level, enabling earlier and more accurate estimates of how yields will be impacted," said Martha Anderson, an ECOSTRESS science team member with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. "Even short-term moisture stress, if it occurs during a critical stage of crop growth, can significantly impact productivity."

The new instrument will be carried to the space station by the next resupply mission, scheduled to be launched by SpaceX from Florida's Cape Canaveral Air Force Station on June 29.

The instrument will produce high-resolution images of small tracts of farmland at different times of the day. ECOSTRESS will image the same small targets every few days, monitoring changes in temperature.

"As water resources become more critical for our growing population, we need to track precisely how much water our crops need," said Josh Fisher of JPL, lead scientist on the ECOSTRESS project. "We need to know when plants are becoming susceptible to droughts, and we need to know which parts of the ecosystem are more vulnerable because of water stress."

When combined with data collected by NASA's other Earth Observatory satellites, including data related to Earth's water cycles, vegetation changes and precipitation patterns, ECOSTRESS measurements could help scientists better understand how different climate patterns affect regional water stress.

Previous satellite surveys have shown significant shifts in Earth's vegetation over the last few decades.



*-- Prosthetic hand gets sense of touch with electronic 'skin' --*
Engineers have developed an electronic "skin" that allows prosthetic hand users to perceive a real sense of touch.

The e-dermis, when layered on top of the prosthetic hands, restores the sensation of touch through the fingertips. Engineers at Johns Hopkins University published findings Wednesday in the journal Science Robotics.

"This is interesting and new because now we can have a prosthetic hand that is already on the market and fit it with an e-dermis that can tell the wearer whether he or she is picking up something that is round or whether it has sharp points," Luke Osborn, a graduate student in biomedical engineering at Hopkins, said in a press release.

Osborn said the method was inspired by human biology, with the complex network of receptors for touch and pain sent to the brain being imitated in e-dermis.

Working with researchers from the Singapore Institute of Neurotechnology, the Hopkins engineers developed a biological template.

The e-dermis conveys information to the amputee by stimulating peripheral nerves in the arm in a non-invasive way -- through the skin.

"For the first time, a prosthesis can provide a range of perceptions, from fine touch to noxious to an amputee, making it more like a human hand," said senior author Nitish Thakor, a professor of biomedical engineering and director of the Biomedical Instrumentation and Neuroengineering Laboratory at Hopkins.

He also is co-founder of Baltimore-based Infinite Biomedical Technologies, which provided the prosthetic hardware used in the study.

By tracking brain activity via EEG, the team determined that the test subject perceived these sensations in his phantom hand.

Then, researchers connected the e-dermis output to the volunteer with a noninvasive method known as transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, or TENS. The volunteer detected pain while touching a pointed object and non-pain when touching a round object.

"After many years, I felt my hand, as if a hollow shell got filled with life again," said the anonymous amputee who served as the team's principal volunteer tester.

The volunteer tested the device for one year and four other amputees volunteered in other experiments for sensory feedback, with the exception of temperature, which the e-dermis is not sensitive to.

Researchers say they envision developing similar systems in lower limb prostheses.

They also said the process could be used for people without artificial limbs, including astronaut gloves and space suits, Osborn said.

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