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Friday, April 2nd, 2010
Scientists: Vaccine may delay colon cancer
PITTSBURGH - U.S. medical scientists say they've discovered
an experimental vaccine has the potential to delay onset of
inflammatory bowel disease and resulting cancer. Researchers
at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine said the
vaccine, which protects against an abnormal protein found in
some tumors, not only can delay bowel disease, but also pre-
vent progression of it into colon cancer. Professor Olivera
Finn, the study's senior author, said people with chronic
inflammatory disorders are at greater risk of developing
cancer at the inflamed site. In other cases, genes that
develop cancerous changes can trigger inflammation. Finn
said the vaccine produced by her team is directed against
an abnormal variant of a self-made cell protein called MUC1,
which is altered and produced in excess in both inflammatory
bowel disease and colon cancer. "Our experiments indicate
that boosting the immune response against this protein early
in the disease can delay IBD development, control inflam-
mation and thereby reduce the risk of future cancers," Finn
said. "These findings suggest also that the early stages of
chronic inflammation might be considered a pre-malignant
condition." The study that included Pamela Beatty and Sowmya
Narayanan of the University of Pittsburgh, Jean Gariepy of
the University of Toronto and Dr. Sarangarajan Ranganathan
of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center appears in
the journal Cancer Prevention Research.
New type 2 diabetes therapy proposed
BOSTON - U.S. scientists say they've developed a new strat-
egy for normalizing blood sugar in type 2 diabetes that may
resolve lost response to insulin due to obesity. The re-
searchers at Children's Hospital Boston say they have identi-
fied a cellular pathway that fails when people become obese.
By artificially activating the pathway, they said, they were
able to normalize blood glucose levels in severely obese and
diabetic mice. Epidemiologists have long known that obesity
contributes to type 2 diabetes. In previous work, Dr. Umut
Ozcan at the hospital showed the brain, liver and fat cells
of obese mice have increased stress in the endoplasmic retic-
ulum, a structure in the cell where proteins are assembled,
folded into their proper shapes, and dispatched to do jobs
for the cell. In the presence of obesity, the endoplasmic
reticulum is overwhelmed and its operations break down. This
so-called "ER stress" activates a cascade of events that
suppress the body's response to insulin, and is a key link
between obesity and type 2 diabetes, the scientists said.
Until now, however, researchers haven't known precisely why
obesity causes such stress to develop. But in the new study,
Ozcan and colleagues said they show a transcription factor
that normally helps relieve ER stress is unable to function
in obese mice. The research appears in the early online
edition of the journal Nature Medicine.
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Latent TB activation factors proposed
ITHACA, N.Y. - A U.S. medical scientist studying factors
that trigger latent tuberculosis says his findings might
lead to innovative strategies for treating the disease.
Cornell University Professor David Russell and his team dem-
onstrated TB-causing bacteria are able to hijack fat meta-
bolism in the host to drive the progression of the disease.
They showed Mycobacterium tuberculosis is able to stimulate
macrophages -- the immune cells the bacterium infects -- to
accumulate fat droplets, turning them into "foamy" cells.
That cellular transformation, the researchers said, can
trigger a reawakening of the TB infection from its latent
state. Russell said the findings suggests lipids in the
newly formed foamy cell are then expelled into the cellular
environment, allowing the infectious bacteria to leak into
the airways where they can progressively destroy lung tissue.
"If our model is correct, it has huge implications for
vaccines and chemotherapy programs," Russell said. "A more
detailed knowledge of the bacterium's life cycle and its
host interactions will allow us to spot new targets for
drugs, opening up new possibilities for treatment." The
study was presented last week in Edinburgh, Scotland, during
a meeting of the Society for General Microbiology.
Study suggests hormones may fight bacteria
DALLAS - University of Texas scientists say the use of hor-
mones, rather than antibiotics, might be a better way of
treating food-borne bacterial infections. The scientists
from the university's Southwestern Medical Center said patho-
genic bacteria in the gut recognize their surroundings by
detecting hormonal signals from the host, prompting them to
express lethal toxins. Intercepting those hormonal messages
could be a more efficient way to treat food-caused infections
where antibiotics do more harm than good, they said. The
researchers, led by Associate Professor Vanessa Sperandio,
said gut bacteria use a sensor in the bacterial surface to
detect and respond to adrenaline released by the host. That
triggers a chain of events that can result in the production
of toxins. Sperandio's group identified a molecule called
LED209 that stops adrenaline binding to the sensor, pre-
venting signaling events inside the bacterium, reducing toxin
production and hindering bacteria from attaching effectively
to the epithelial cells that line the gut. The scientists
said their discovery could lead to a new class of antimicro-
bial agents. "Conventional antibiotics can trigger the SOS
response in bacteria that actually enhances virulence,"
Sperandio said. "LED209, unlike antibiotics, does not kill
or hinder E. coli growth and consequently does not promote
expression of shiga toxin, which is the bacterium's defense
mechanism." Sperandio presented the study in Edinburgh,
Scotland, last Sunday during a meeting of the Society for
General Microbiology.
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Wolfberries may improve diabetics' vision
MANHATTAN, Kan. - A Kansas State University scientist says
he's studying the use of Chinese wolfberries as a means of
improving the vision of some type 2 diabetics. Assistant
Professor Dingbo "Daniel" Lin says he and his team are trying
to determine if wolfberries can improve damage to the retina.
His findings, so far, suggest the fruit can lower the oxi-
dative stress that the eye undergoes as a result of type-2
diabetes. "I would not say that wolfberries are a medicine,
but they can be used as a dietary supplement to traditional
treatments to improve vision," Lin said. "Wolfberries have
high antioxidant activity and are very beneficial to protect
against oxidative stress caused by environmental stimuli and
genetic mutations." Wolfberries are bright orange-red, oblong-
shaped and grown in China, where the fruit is known to help
rebalance homeostasis, boost the immune system, nourish the
liver and kidneys and improve vision. In their quest to
understand the mechanisms of the wolfberry's effects on
vision, the scientists found wolfberries have high levels of
zeaxanthin, lutein, polysaccharides and polyphenolics -- all
of which have been shown to improve vision and help in the
prevention of age-related macular degeneration and diabetic
retinopathy. The researchers said they are continuing to
study wolfberries and their health benefits. The research
was presented at the 2009 Experimental Biology conference
and the 2009 American Society of Cell Biology Conference.
Function loss after brain injury studied
LEIPZIG, Germany - A German study suggests loss of physical
and psychological function after brain injury isn't closely
related to brain structure injuries, as had been thought.
Researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Cognition and
Neuro Sciences led by Rainer Scheid and D. Yves von Cramon
said the loss of physical and psychological function after
traumatic brain injury is, in Germany, more frequently caused
by traffic accidents, falls or blows to the head than by
strokes. And such loss of function is usually blamed on
changes in brain structures. But Scheid and von Cramon ana-
lyzed data from 320 patients treated in the Cognitive Neuro-
logy Outpatient Clinic at the University of Leipzig between
1996 and 2007. They investigated whether the imaging, clin-
ical and neuropsychological findings were correlated. They
discovered the most frequent findings were contusions, micro-
bleeds, and atrophy. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed no
visible changes in 49 of the patients examined. And the sci-
entists said their analysis failed to find any convincing
correlations with the patients' general condition or with
their performance in neuropsychological tests. However,
nearly 15 percent of the patients suffered from post traum-
atic epilepsy and the scientists said they showed that was
correlated with isolated brain contusions. The research
appears in the journal German Physician Sheet International.
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