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Friday, May 21st, 2010


Did end of smallpox vaccinations hike HIV?

FAIRFAX, Va. - U.S. scientists suggest the end of wide-
spread small pox vaccinations toward the end of the 20th
century might have resulted in the rapid spread of HIV.
Dr. Raymond Weinstein of George Mason University and a
team of researchers from UCLA and George Washington Univer-
sity said the vaccine given to prevent the spread of small-
pox produces a five-fold reduction in HIV replication in
the laboratory. That, they said, suggests ending smallpox
vaccinations might have caused a loss of protection against
the human immunodeficiency virus. The researchers said they
looked at the ability of white blood cells taken from people
recently immunized against smallpox to support HIV replica-
tion compared to unvaccinated controls. They found signifi-
cantly lower viral replication in blood cells from vaccinated
individuals. "There have been several proposed explanations
for the rapid spread of HIV in Africa, including wars, the
reuse of unsterilized needles and the contamination of early
batches of polio vaccine. However, all of these have been
either disproved or do not sufficiently explain the behavior
of the HIV pandemic," Weinstein said. "Our finding that prior
(smallpox) immunization ? may provide an individual with some
degree of protection to subsequent HIV infection suggests
the (widespread) withdrawal of such vaccination may be a
partial explanation." The study is reported in the journal
BMC Immunology.


Study IDs how T-Cells block HIV

DURHAM, N.C. - U.S. researchers say they have discovered
a new role for a host protein, providing more insight
into how T cells work to control HIV and other infections.
The scientists from the Duke University Medical School
and the Mount Sinai School of Medicine say their findings
might lead to new strategies for the prevention or trea-
tment of the human immunodeficiency virus. The discovery
centers around the anti-HIV function of a tiny protein
called prothymosin-alpha. The researchers said their pre-
vious studies showed the protein can block HIV viral repli-
cation once HIV invades a cell, but until now, no one has
understood exactly how that happened. "But now we have a
much clearer understanding of how this protein works," said
Dr. Mary Klotman of Duke University, the study's senior
author. She said the finding is another piece of the long-
standing quest to define the natural substances made by
specific immune cells that have potent anti-HIV activity.
Klotman, Mount Sinai Assistant Professors Arevik Mosoian and
Avelino Teixeira, and colleagues Leif Sander, G. Luca
Gusella, Cijiang He, Magarian Blander and Paul Klotman from
Mount Sinai, along with Colin Burns of East Carolina Uni-
versity, report the study in the Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences.

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New prostate cancer target proposed

ANN ARBOR, Mich. - A University of Michigan study suggests
prostate cancer treatments that target the hormone androgen
and its receptor might be going after the wrong target.
Researchers at the university's Comprehensive Cancer Center
said they've discovered when two genes fuse together to
cause prostate cancer, it blocks the receptor for the hor-
mone androgen, preventing prostate cells from developing
normally. That, said the scientists, suggests gene fusion
-- not the androgen receptor -- is a more specific "bad
actor" in prostate cancer and is the real smoking gun that
should be targeted by treatments. "We need to begin to think
about targeting prostate cancer by targeting the gene fusion,
and not confining our approaches to androgen receptor," said
Dr. Arul Chinnaiyan, who led the research. The study is
featured as the cover story of the May 18 issue of the jour-
nal Cancer Cell.


Statins may lower risk of blood clots

MANSFIELD, Conn. - A U.S. review of studies found people at
risk for blood clots may be helped by use of statin -- a
cholesterol lowering drug, researchers say. Lead author
Vanjul Agarwal of the University of Connecticut said the
researchers reviewed 10 studies involving more than 900,000
men and women evaluating the effect of statins in preventing
venous thromboembolism -- clots formed in the deep veins
that pose a serious risk of heart attack and stroke. The
study included all types of venous thromboembolism, with a
focus on deep vein thrombosis, most commonly involving clots
in the lower legs and pulmonary embolism, clots that form in
the primary vessels of the lungs after migrating from other
areas of the body. The researchers found statin use bene-
fited patients with all types of venous thromboembolism,
including deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.
"Statins have been found to have anti-inflammatory proper-
ties," Agarwal says in a statement. "Since thrombus formation
involves inflammation, statins may reduce venous thrombus
formation and thus, lower the odds of developing pulmonary
embolism /deep vein thrombosis." The study is scheduled to
be presented at the ATS International Conference in New
Orleans.

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Kidney removal studied in kidney cancer

CLEVELAND, May 17 (UPI) -- A Cleveland Clinic study suggests
the removal of cancerous kidneys does not prolong the lives
of patients 75 years or older. The study, led by Dr. Stephen
Campbell, indicated older patients who have confined kidney
tumors do not live longer if their entire kidney is removed.
Such patients, the study revealed, typically have other med-
ical problems of greater significance and many should receive
more conservative cancer-related care, such as observation
or treatments that spare the non-cancerous parts of their
kidneys. The analysis also showed patients who had a cancer-
ous kidney removed experienced accelerated dysfunction of
their remaining kidney. Kidney removal also appeared to in-
crease patients' risk of dying from cardiovascular causes.
"Current research is indicating over-treatment of localized
renal tumors, and our data suggest that active surveillance
is a reasonable strategy and one that is greatly underutil-
ized in the elderly population," the investigators said,
adding the potential benefit of kidney-sparing surgery in
elderly patients who have the lowest risk for heart-related
deaths and the greatest life expectancy warrants further
investigation. The study is published in the May 10 early
online edition of the journal Cancer.


Study may lead to new CF therapies

BIRMINGHAM, Ala., May 18 (UPI) -- U.S. scientists say they've
discovered additional evidence that increases in protease
activity might be central to the pathogenesis of cystic
fibrosis. University of Alabama in Birmingham researchers
said they measured a common protease called MMP-9 in cystic
fibrosis patients whose condition was stable and compared it
with healthy volunteers. Previous studies have shown in-
creases in MMP-9 in cystic fibrosis patients in the throes
of an acute pulmonary episode. In the latest study, the
scientists found MMP-9 levels were also higher than normal
in cystic fibrosis patients with no active airway inflam-
mation. The researchers said the finding might point the way
to new therapeutic agents that work to reduce pathological
changes. The study is reported in the journal Molecular Med-
icine.

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