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Friday, February 5, 2010


Protein makes cancers susceptible to chemo

BOSTON - U.S. cancer researchers say they have discovered a
specific protein that, when suppressed, makes cancers more
susceptible to chemotherapy. The Children's Hospital Boston
scientists said a group of cancer drugs, called taxanes,
have become front-line therapy for a variety of metastatic
cancers. But, as with many chemotherapy agents, resistance
can develop -- a frequent problem in breast, ovarian, pro-
state and other cancers. Now the researchers have discovered
a protein previously unknown to be involved in taxane re-
sistance can potentially be targeted with drugs, making a
cancer more susceptible to chemotherapy. The scientists,
led by Bruce Zetter of the hospital's vascular biology pro-
gram, said the protein, prohibitin1, might also serve as a
biomarker allowing physicians to predict a patient's response
to chemotherapy with a blood test. The study appears in the
online early edition of the Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences.


New ovarian cancer therapy proposed

NEW HAVEN, Conn. - Yale University Medical School scientists
say they've discovered the disarming of certain specialized
stem cells might combat deadly ovarian cancer. Assistant
Professor Yingqun Huang, who led the research, said elimin-
ating cancer stem cells within a tumor might hold the key to
successful treatments for ovarian cancer. "We found that
stopping the expression of two genes -- Lin28 and Oct4 --
reduces ovarian cancer cell growth and survival," Huang said.
The researchers said ovarian cancer has been challenging to
treat because it tends to recur frequently and develop re-
sistance to treatment. "This recurrence and drug resistance
may be due to the presence of (cancer stem cells) within the
tumors that have the capacity to reproduce and to different-
iate into non-CSC tumor cells that repopulate the tumor
mass," Huang said. "Eliminating these CSCs may be key to
successful treatments." The study, which included Nita Maihle
and Shuping Peng, is reported in the journal Oncogene.

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Study: Leukemia cells metabolize fat

HOUSTON - U.S. scientists say they've discovered leukemia
cells metabolize fat to avoid cell death -- a finding that
may lead to a new target for killing cancer cells. University
of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center researchers said
leukemia cells, as most cancers, are addicted to glucose to
generate energy. But the new research shows for the first
time the cells also rely on fatty acid metabolism to grow
and to evade cell death. "These findings translate to a
potentially transformational approach to controlling leukemia
and cancer cell metabolism by therapeutically targeting fatty
acid oxidation," said co-senior author Dr. Michael Andreeff.
"Cancer metabolism has attracted renewed, cutting-edge re-
search interest. Here we have first identified a metabolic
target and our first in vivo results are promising, but there
is much more work that needs to be done." Andreeff and co-
senior author Dr. Heinrich Taegtmeyer report their discovery
in the Journal of Clinical Investigation.


New therapy may fight rheumatoid arthritis

CHICAGO - Northwestern University scientists say they've
invented a non-toxic drug that might be able to halt or
even reverse rheumatoid arthritis. Feinberg School of
Medicine Associate Professor Harris Perlman said the mole-
cule he and his team invented is an imitation of a suicide
molecule that floats undetected into overactive immune cells
responsible for the disease. The scientists said the approach
was tested on mice and doesn't carry the health risks of
current treatments. "This new therapy stopped the disease
cold in 75 percent of the mice," Perlman said. "The best
part was we didn't see any toxicity. This has a lot of po-
tential for creating an entirely new treatment for rheumatoid
arthritis." The study is reported in the February issue of
the journal Arthritis & Rheumatism.

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Stem cells aid nerve cells by contact

STOCKHOLM, Sweden - A Swedish-led team of medical scientists
says it has discovered how transplanted stem cells can con-
nect with and rescue threatened neurons and brain tissue.
Researchers from Sweden's Karolinska Institute, the Sanford-
Burnham Medical Research Institute in La Jolla, Calif.,
Harvard Medical School in Boston and Belgium's Universite
Libre de Bruxelles said the finding might lead to new treat-
ments for brain damage and neurodegenerative diseases. A
possible strategy for treating neurodegenerative diseases is
to transplant stem cells into the brain to prevent existing
nerve cells from dying. That method has proved successful in
different models, but the mechanisms behind it are still un-
known. In the new study, researchers showed stem cells trans-
planted into damaged or threatened nerve tissue quickly
establish direct channels, called gap junctions, to the
nerve cells. The stem cells actively bring diseased neurons
back to health via "cross-talk" through gap junctions, the
connections between cells that allow molecular signals to
pass back and forth. The study found the nerve cells were
prevented from dying only when gap junctions were formed.
"Many different molecules can be transported through gap
junctions," Dr. Eric Herlenius, who led the study, said.
"This means that a new door to the possible future treatment
of neuronal damage has been opened, both figuratively and
literally." The research is reported in the early online
edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sci-
ences.


FDA OKs Dupuytren's contracture drug

WASHINGTON - The U.S. Food and Drug Administration says it
has approved the first drug designed to treat a progressive
hand disease known as Dupuytren's contracture. The FDA said
Xiaflex (collagenase clostridium histolyticum) is a biologic
injectable drug made from the protein product of a living
organism. It works by breaking down the excessive buildup of
collagen in one's hands. Dupuytren's contracture can affect
the ability to straighten and properly use one's fingers by
altering the connective tissue found beneath the skin in the
palm. Too much collagen can build up, forming thick, rope-
like cords of tissue that can prevent the fingers from being
able to relax and straighten normally. The disorder is most
common in Caucasians and in men more than 50. "Before the
FDA approved Xiaflex, the only effective treatment for this
hand disorder was surgery, which sometimes meant a long re-
covery and the need for physical therapy for patients," said
Dr. Bob Rappaport, director of the FDA's division of anes-
thesiology, analgesia and rheumatology. "Since there are no
other non-surgical alternatives for Dupuytren's contracture,
Xiaflex will be an important advance in the management of
this disabling condition." Xiaflex is manufactured by Auxil-
ium Pharmaceuticals Inc., a Malvern, Pa., specialty biopharm-
aceutical company.

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