Gizmorama

May 17, 2010
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Good Morning,

U.S. scientists have taken the initiative to do some much
needed research into biofuels. Read all about why this
research is vital for our future and what scientists hope
to achieve with it in the middle segment.

Until Next Time,
Erin

Questions? Comments? Email me at: mailto:gizmo@gophercentral.com
Email your comments=


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Herschel Space Telescope finds space hole

PARIS - The European Space Agency says its Herschel Space
Telescope has found a hole in space, giving astronomers a
glimpse into the end of the star-forming process. "Although
jets and winds of gas have been seen coming from young stars
in the past, it has always been a mystery exactly how a star
uses these to ? emerge from its birth cloud," ESA said.
"Now, for the first time, Herschel may be seeing an un-
expected step in this process." The astronomers said a cloud
of bright reflective gas known to astronomers as NGC 1999
sits next to a black patch of sky. For a long time, scien-
tists have known such black patches are dense clouds of dust
and gas that block light. When Herschel looked in its
direction to study nearby young stars, the space agency said
the cloud continued to look black. But astronomers said
Herschel's infrared instruments are designed to see into such
clouds, so either the cloud was immensely dense or something
was wrong. ESA said scientists investigating further found
the patch looks black because it's empty. Something had blown
a hole right through the cloud. Researchers said they posit
the hole was opened when the narrow jets of gas from some of
the area's young stars punctured the sheet of dust and gas.
Whatever the precise chain of events, ESA said it could be
an important glimpse into the way newborn stars disperse
their birth clouds.

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Fossil find shakes up development timeline

NEW HAVEN, Conn. - A Moroccan fossil trove suggests soft-
bodied distant relatives of crustaceans lived beyond the
Cambrian period, U.S. and Canadian researchers say. Similar
creatures were known to exist in the Middle Cambrian period
in such far-flung locales as British Columbia, China and
Greenland but were thought to have died out 488 million years
ago. Derek Briggs of Yale University said the Moroccan find
indicates they lived tens of millions of years beyond that.
The find is significant, Briggs said, because there's a huge
gap in data since fossils generally consist of just hard
parts of animals, such as shells. The team discovered 50
types of soft-bodied animals at 40 sites in the Draa Valley
in southern Morocco. Similar creatures first were uncovered
in the Canadian Rockies in British Columbia, including
halkieriids, Halucigenia and Opabina. "It's like getting a
photo album rather than just a snapshot," said Graham Young,
a paleontologist at the Manitoba Museum in Winnipeg, Canada.
The find dates the appearance of horseshoe crabs 30 million
years earlier than had been thought, the researchers said.
The research appears in the current issue of Nature.


Biofuel combustion research needed

LIVERMORE, Calif. - U.S. scientists say they've embarked on
needed research into the chemistry of biofuel combustion.
Researchers at Lawrence Livermore and Sandia national lab-
oratories in California say a better understanding of the
key elements of biofuel combustion will be important in
developing the next generation of alternative fuels. Sandia
researcher Nils Hansen and Lawrence Livermore scientist
Charles Westbrook lay out the diverse and complex chemical
reactions of biofuel combustion in a paper published in the
May 10 edition of the journal Angewandte Chemie. Hansen and
Westbrook point out that while bioethanol, biobutanol and
biodiesel are gaining interest as alternatives to oil-based
transportation fuels, little research has been done on what
happens in biofuel combustion. In their paper, the pair
examine, for the first time, the characteristic aspects of
the chemical pathways in the combustion of potential bio-
fuels. With funding from the U.S. Energy Department, the
researchers, along with colleagues in Germany, China and
the United States, used a combination of laser spectroscopy,
mass spectrometry and flame chemistry modeling to explore
the decomposition and oxidation mechanisms of certain bio-
fuels, and the formation of harmful or toxic emissions. "To
understand the associated combustion reactions and to
identify recurring reaction patterns, it is important to
study prototypical variants of potential biofuels," Westbrook
said.

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Genomes may help chart human migrations

COPENHAGEN, Denmark - Breakthroughs in genetic science
will, before too long, help researchers chart the migration
patterns of ancient humans, experts in Denmark and elsewhere
say. Eske Willerslev of the University of Copenhagen says
researchers are comparing ancient genomes with those of
modern-day humans to gain insights into human evolution and
migration. "For the first time, ancient and modern genetic
research is going hand in hand," Willerslev said in an arti-
cle published in the journal Nature. "It is really a fantas-
tic time." Jeffrey Long of the University of Mexico in
Albuquerque says the hope is ancient-modern genome compari-
sons can one day be used to chart splits in human populations
and correlate them with climatic changes. "I call this molec-
ular stratigraphy," Long said of the effort to trace pre-
historic migration routes. "I then want to use this relative
chronology of genetic events to compare to the palaeoclimate
of Earth's biomes." Willerslev said genomes will allow
researchers to test theories that have been debated for a
century. "In the next five years, we will see a whole spec-
trum of discoveries," he said. "I honestly believe this new
era will change our view of human evolution."

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