Gizmorama
February 15, 2010
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Good Morning,
Scientists have recently created way to determine the prop-
erties of plants using an ultrasound technique. Read all the
details on this innovative process in the second article.
Until Next Time,
Erin
Questions? Comments? Email me at: mailto:gizmo@gophercentral.com
Email your comments=
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Merging galaxies create a binary quasar
PASADENA, Calif. - U.S. astronomers say they have discovered
the first clear evidence of a binary quasar within a pair of
actively merging galaxies. Quasars are the extremely bright
centers of galaxies surrounding super-massive black holes,
and binary quasars are pairs of quasars bound together by
gravity. Binary quasars, like other quasars, are thought to
be the product of galaxy mergers. But until now, binary
quasars have not been seen in galaxies that are unambiguously
in the act of merging. The discovery came from the Carnegie
Institution's Magellan telescope in Chile and the images show
two distinct galaxies with "tails" produced by tidal forces
from their mutual gravitational attraction. "This is really
the first case in which you see two separate galaxies, both
with quasars, that are clearly interacting," said Carnegie
astronomer John Mulchaey. The study that included astronomers
from the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, the
Universities of Illinois and North Dakota, and the University
of California-Santa Barbara, appears in the Astrophysical
Journal.
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Ultrasound used in botanical research
MADRID - Spanish scientists say they've created an ultrasound
technique to determine water content, thickness and other
properties of leaves without touching them. The researchers
from the Spanish National Research Council's Institute of
Acoustics in Madrid and the Agri-Food Research and Technology
Center of Aragon, Spain, said their findings demonstrate that
some properties of leaves -- such as thickness, density or
compressibility -- can be determined with the method. The
technique involves radiating the leaves with broadband ultra-
sonic pulses that are emitted through the air from portable
devices. In doing so, the leaves start to vibrate and an
ultrasonic sensor very similar to the transmitter detects the
waves. The signal is then digitalized and the researchers
analyze the resonance range, which enables the character-
istics of the leaves to be assessed. The team reported the
study recently in the journal Applied Physics Letters. The
scientists said they also took cuttings of some leaves to
ascertain water loss over time, and they observed variations
in leaf resonance and even water mass loss as little as 1
percent. The details of that research will soon be published
in the Journal of Experimental Botany.
Sugar switches involved in cell division
BALTIMORE - U.S. scientists investigating how cells manage
their own division say they've discovered common sugar
switches are partly in control. Johns Hopkins University
scientists say because the previously unrecognized sugar
switches are so abundant and potential targets of manipu-
lation by drugs, their discovery has implications for new
treatments for a number of diseases, including cancer. The
scientists focused on the apparatus that enables a human
cell to split into two, a complicated biochemical process
involving hundreds of proteins. Conventional wisdom was the
job of turning the proteins on and off -- thus determining
if, how and when a cell divides -- was handled by phos-
phates, chemical compounds containing the element phos-
phorus, which fasten to and unfasten from proteins in a
process called phosphorylation. Instead, the Johns Hopkins
scientists discovered another layer of regulation by a pro-
cess of sugar-based protein modification called
O-GlcNAcylation. "This sugar-based system seems as influ-
ential and ubiquitous a cell-division signaling pathway as
its phosphate counterpart and, indeed, even plays a role in
regulating phosphorylation itself," said Chad Slawson, an
author of the study. "I think of phosphorylation as a
micro-switch that regulates the circuitry of cell division,
and O-GlcNAcylation as the safety switch that regulates the
microswitches," said Professor Gerald Hart, who led the re-
search. The study, which included University of Virginia
scientists, appears in the Jan. 12 edition of the journal
Science Signaling.
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NASA launches a solar observatory
CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. - The U.S. space agency launched its
Solar Dynamics Observatory Thursday, marking the beginning
of a five-year mission to observe the sun. NASA said the
observatory, which lifted off at 10:23 a.m. EST from the
Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida, is the first
mission of its Living With a Star program. Officials said
that project is designed to understand the causes of solar
variability. "SDO is designed to help us understand the
sun's influence on Earth and near-Earth space by studying
the solar atmosphere on small scales of space and time and
in many wavelengths simultaneously," the space agency said.
"SDO's goal is to understand, driving towards a predictive
capability, the solar variations that influence life on
Earth and humanity's technological systems by determining
how the sun's magnetic field is generated and structured
(and) how this stored magnetic energy is converted and re-
leased into the heliosphere and geospace in the form of
solar wind, energetic particles and variations in the solar
irradiance." NASA scientists said the observatory is a sun-
pointing semi-autonomous spacecraft that will allow nearly
continuous observations of the sun. It is nearly 15 feet
high and more than 6.5 feet on each side. A Wednesday launch
attempt had to be scrubbed because of unacceptably high
winds at the launch site.
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