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Gizmorama

October 23, 2009
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Good Morning,

The process in which the human eye adapts to darkness or
light is studied by scientists. Read all about the findings
in the last article.

Until Tomorrow,
Erin

Questions? Comments? Email me at: mailto:gizmo@gophercentral.com
Email your comments=


P.S. You can discuss this issue or any other topic in the new
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Large southern whale DNA study completed

NEW YORK - U.S. scientists say an international genetic study
of 1,527 Southern Hemisphere humpback whales has been comp-
leted. The goal of the 15-year project was to gather genetic
data to explore the population dynamics and relatedness of
Southern Hemisphere humpbacks and inform management decision
in the sometimes politically charged realm of whale conser-
vation, officials said. Scientists from the Wildlife Conser-
vation Society, the American Museum of Natural History and
an international coalition of organizations conducted the
research in the Southern Atlantic and Indian oceans. "Hump-
back whales are perhaps the most studied species of great
whale in the Northern Hemisphere, but many of the interac-
tions among Southern Hemisphere populations are still poorly
understood," said Howard Rosenbaum, director of the Wildlife
Conservation Society's Ocean Giants Program and lead author
of the study. "This research illustrates the vast potential
of genetic analyses to uncover the mysteries of how humpbacks
travel and form populations in the southern ocean basins." So
little is known about southern ocean basin humpbacks that
researchers initially used old whaling records for insights
into whale population boundaries. The DNA was obtained from
skin samples gathered with biopsy darts fired from crossbows,
officials said. The darts harmlessly bounce off the marine
mammals as they surface to breathe. The results of the mas-
sive analysis that included scientists from the U.S., Oman,
Brazil, South Africa, Gabon and France appear in the online
journal PLoS One.

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Graphene better with gold 'nanostars'

MANHATTAN BEACH, Kan. - U.S. chemical engineers say they
have discovered graphene is more useful in electronics ap-
plications if a gold ion solution is used as a growth cat-
alyst. Graphene is a carbon material only a single atom
thick and discovered just five years ago, scientists said.
In the recent study, Kansas State University Assistant Pro-
fessor Vikas Berry and doctoral student Kabeer Jasuja said
they placed graphene oxide sheets into a gold ion solution
that had a growth catalyst. "Graphene-derivatives act like
swimming molecular carpets when in solution and exhibit
fascinating physiochemical behavior," Berry said. "If we
change the surface functionality or the concentration, we
can control their properties." They said they found that
rather than distributing itself evenly over graphene, the
gold formed snowflake-shaped islands they called nanostars
on the sheets' surfaces. "So we started exploring how these
gold nanostars are formed," Berry said. "We found out that
nanostars with no surface functionality are rather chal-
lenging to produce by other chemical processes. We can
control the size of these nanostars and have characterized
the mechanism of nucleation and growth of these nanostruc-
tures. It's similar to the mechanism that forms real snow-
flakes." The study's findings are to appear in an upcoming
issue of the journal Small.

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Study ID's how our eyes adjust to darkness

ST. LOUIS - U.S. scientists say they have identified the
intricate process that allows a human's eyes to adapt to
darkness or bright light very quickly. Vision researchers
at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
said their discovery could contribute to a better under-
standing of human diseases that affect the retina, including
age-related macular degeneration -- the leading cause of
blindness in Americans more than 50 years old. The resear-
chers, led by Assistant Professor Vladimir Kefalov, said
they used mice, primates and humans to focus on a particular
type of cell in the retina called Muller cells. The scien-
tists treated mouse retinas with a chemical that destroyed
the Muller cells and then exposed the retina to bright light,
followed by darkness. "When we blocked the function of Muller
cells, the retinal visual pathway could not function because
cones ran out of photopigment and could not adapt to dark,"
Kefalov said. That discovery, he said, means it might one day
be possible to improve vision after it's been interrupted by
injury or disease, such as age-related macular degeneration.
The research is detailed in the journal Current Biology.

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