Gizmorama
March 22, 2010
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Good Morning,
An exciting discovery made by U.S. astronomers may give some
important clues to the history of the universe. Two black
holes, newly discovered, are the oldest ever seen. Check out
the article in the middle segment.
Until Next Time,
Erin
Questions? Comments? Email me at: mailto:gizmo@gophercentral.com
Email your comments=
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New types of bandages and wraps developed
DALLAS - Researchers at the University of Texas at Dallas
say they have created a unique cloth that can be used for
therapeutic bandages and wraps. The scientists, led by Pro-
fessor Kenneth Balkus Jr. and doctoral student Harvey Liu,
said the cloth releases nitric oxide gas, making it a poten-
tial therapy as, among other things, therapeutic socks for
diabetics and a wrap to help preserve organs harvested for
transplantation. The researchers said nitric oxide helps
increase blood flow and regulates a range of other body
functions. They said they discovered zeolites -- a micro-
porous material used in commercial absorbents -- soak up and
store large amounts of gases, such as nitric oxide. The sci-
entists describe their development of the new bandage that's
composed of nitric oxide-absorbing zeolites embedded in a
water-repellant polymer in the American Chemical Society's
journal Chemistry of Materials.
New atomic force microscopy system created
CAMBRIDGE, Mass. - U.S. scientists say they have recorded
the first microscopic images showing the effects of naturally
occurring proteins known as antimicrobial peptides. The
Massachusetts Institute of Technology researchers say the
proteins have been pursued for two decades as a potential
way to treat bacterial infections. Now the MIT scientists
have showed the effects of the peptides, most of which kill
by poking holes in bacterial cell membranes. The scientists,
led by Professor Angela Belcher, said they modified a sensi-
tive technique known as high-speed atomic force microscopy
to allow imaging the bacteria in real time -- the first
method ever developed to study living cells in high-resolu-
tion and in rapid succession. Belcher said the use of the
modified atomic force microscopy could allow scientists to
study how cells respond to drugs and to viral infections. It
might also prove useful in studying mammalian cells. Atomic
force microscopy, invented in 1986, is widely used to image
nanoscale materials, the investigators said. Although its
resolution is similar to that of electron microscopy, it
does not require a vacuum and thus can be used with living
samples. Traditional atomic force microscopy requires sev-
eral minutes to produce one image, but the MIT scientists
developed a way to capture images every 13 seconds. The study
that included Georg Fantner, Roberto Barbero and David Gray
appears in the early online edition of the journal Nature
Nanotechnology.
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Spitzer views two unusual black holes
PASADENA, Calif. - U.S. astronomers say they have identified
what appear to be two of the earliest and most primitive
supermassive black holes ever seen. NASA said the discovery,
based largely on observations from its Spitzer Space Tele-
scope, "will provide a better understanding of the roots of
our universe, and how the very first black holes, galaxies
and stars came to be." "We have found what are likely first-
generation quasars, born in a dust-free medium and at the
earliest stages of evolution," said Linhua Jiang of the Uni-
versity of Arizona, the lead author of the research. NASA
said black holes are distortions of space and time, with the
largest and most active ones -- supermassive black holes --
usually seen at the cores of galaxies, surrounded by doughnut-
shaped structures of dust and gas that feed and sustain the
giant growing black holes that are called quasars. Scientists
have theorized the very early universe didn't have any dust,
meaning the most primitive quasars should also be dust-free.
But nobody had seen such immaculate quasars -- until now. The
newly observed black holes, the smallest on record, are about
13 billion light-years from Earth. The Spitzer observations
were made before the telescope ran out of its liquid coolant
last May, when it started its "warm" mission. The discovery
is reported in the journal Nature.
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Einstein's theory of relativity confirmed
PRINCETON, N.J. - Princeton University scientists who tested
Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity say they have
determined it holds true even at cosmic distances. The re-
searchers said they spent two years analyzing astronomical
data from more than 70,000 galaxies located at distances of
up to 3.5 billion light years from Earth. They said they con-
cluded Einstein's theory describing the interplay between
gravity, space and time holds true even at vast distances,
as it does in more local regions of space. The scientists,
led by Professor James Gunn, said their findings mark the
first robust test of the theory at distances that go beyond
the solar system. The study that included Princeton resear-
chers Reinabelle Reyes and Rachel Mandelbaum, Professor Uros
Seljak of the University of California-Berkeley, and Univer-
sity of Zurich (Switzerland) researchers Tobias Baldauf,
Lucas Lombriser and Robert Smith appears in the March 11
edition of the journal Nature.
Study debunks Amazon rainforest theory
BOSTON - A NASA-funded study contradicts a previous report
that the Amazon rainforests thrive during long droughts. The
Boston University study, using NASA satellite data, concluded
Amazon rainforests were remarkably unaffected by a once-in-a-
century drought in 2005, neither dying nor thriving. "We
found no big differences in the greenness level of these
forests between drought and non-drought years, which suggests
that these forests may be more tolerant of droughts than we
previously thought," said Arindam Samanta, the Boston Univer-
sity study's lead author. A 2007 report, published by the
journal Science, claimed the rainforests actually thrive in
drought because of more sunshine under cloudless skies, the
scientists said. The latest report said that study was flawed
and not reproducible. "This new study brings some clarity to
our muddled understanding of how these forests, with their
rich source of biodiversity, would fare in the future in the
face of twin pressures from logging and changing climate,"
said Professor Ranga Myneni. The research that included
Sangram Ganguly of the Bay Area Environmental Research Insti-
tute in Sonoma, Calif., appears in the journal Geophysical
Research Letters.
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