Gizmorama
November 9, 2009
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Good Morning,
Scientists have discovered that a certain shrimp found on
Australia's Great Barrier Reef have the most complex vision
system known to man allowing them to see 4X the color that
humans can. Read about how this factor is inspiring the
manufacturing of DVD players in the second article.
Until Tomorrow,
Erin
Questions? Comments? Email me at: mailto:gizmo@gophercentral.com
Email your comments=
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Ocean acidity may cause shellfish decline
STONY BROOK, N.Y. - U.S. scientists say they have discovered
ocean acidification might be contributing to global shellfish
declines. Stony Brook University researchers said they've
determined relatively minor increases in ocean acidity caused
by elevated carbon dioxide concentrations can impede the
growth and survival of hard clams, bay scallops and Eastern
oysters. The scientists at the university's school of marine
and atmospheric sciences said their research is among the
first studies looking at the effect of ocean acidification
on shellfish. Professor Chris Gobler and doctoral candidate
Stephanie Talmage said they showed the larval stages of the
shellfish species are extremely sensitive to enhanced levels
of carbon dioxide in seawater. "In recent decades, we have
seen our oceans threatened by overfishing, harmful algal
blooms, and warming," said Gobler. "Our findings suggest
ocean acidification poses an equally serious risk to our
ocean resources." The work is to appear in the November issue
of the journal Limnology and Oceanography.
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Shrimps' eyes may lead to new DVD players
BRISTOL, England - British scientists say they've found man-
tis shrimp can see in 12 colors -- humans see in only three
-- and can distinguish various forms of polarized light.
University of Bristol researchers said the shrimp -- found
on Australia's Great Barrier Reef -- have the most complex
vision system known to science and could be the inspiration
for the next generation of DVD and CD players. Special
light-sensitive cells in mantis shrimp eyes act as quarter-
wave plates that can rotate the plane of the polarization of
a light wave as it travels through it, the scientists said.
That capability makes it possible for mantis shrimp to con-
vert linearly polarized light to circularly polarized light
and vice versa. Man-made quarter-wave plates perform that
function in CD and DVD players and in circular polarizing
filters for cameras. However, the scientists noted, such
artificial devices only tend to work well for one color of
light while the natural mechanism in the mantis shrimp works
nearly perfectly across the whole visible spectrum - from
near-ultraviolet to infrared. "Our work reveals for the
first time the unique design and mechanism of the quarter-
wave plate in the mantis shrimp's eye," said Nicholas
Roberts, the lead author of the study. "It really is excep-
tional -- outperforming anything we humans have so far been
able to create." The research is reported in the journal in
Nature Photonics.
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Volcanoes played role in ancient ice age
COLUMBUS, Ohio - U.S. scientists says volcanoes around what
is now the Atlantic Ocean caused the start of an ice age
approximately 450 million years ago. Ohio State University
researchers said the volcanoes first caused global warming
by releasing massive amounts of carbon dioxide into the
atmosphere. But when they stopped erupting, Earth's climate
was thrown off balance, and the ice age began. Associate
Professor Matthew Saltzman said that discovery underscores
the importance of carbon in Earth's climate today. Previ-
ously, Saltzman and his team linked the same ice age to the
rise of the Appalachian Mountains. As the exposed rock
weathered, chemical reactions pulled carbon from Earth's
atmosphere, causing a global cooling that ultimately killed
two-thirds of all species on the planet. mIn the new study,
the researchers determined giant volcanoes forming during
the closing of the proto-Atlantic Ocean -- known as the
Iapetus Ocean -- set the stage for the rise of the Appal-
achians and the ice age that followed. "Our model shows that
these Atlantic volcanoes were spewing carbon into the atmos-
phere at the same time the Appalachians were removing it,"
Saltzman said. "For nearly 10 million years, the climate
was at a stalemate. Then the eruptions abruptly stopped,
and atmospheric carbon levels fell well below what they were
in the time before volcanism. That kicked off the ice age."
The study appears in the early online edition of the journal
Geology.
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