Gizmorama
March 24, 2010
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Good Morning,
20 years of work and research have finally paid off for
U.S. scientists who have completed an accurate model that
describes movement among most of Earth's tectonic plates.
Read all about this model and what it means for future
research in the middle segment.
Until Next Time,
Erin
Questions? Comments? Email me at: mailto:gizmo@gophercentral.com
Email your comments=
P.S. You can discuss this issue or any other topic in the new
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Protein movements viewed in nanoseconds
MUNICH, Germany - German scientists say they have developed
a technology that allows researchers to observe the movement
of proteins in nanoseconds. The scientists at the Munich
University of Technology said the method was developed by a
team led by Professor Thomas Kiefhaber, based on fast elec-
tron transfer between the different parts of a protein.
Focusing on the actin-binding part of the villin protein,
HP35, the researchers said they used the technique to show
the folded protein is available in two conformations that
are very similar structurally, but display decidedly differ-
ent dynamic properties. While significant structural changes
are not possible in a rigid conformation, flexible confor-
mations allow parts of the protein responsible for binding
actin to fold and unfold on a time scale of 100 nanoseconds.
The scientists said their achievement is fundamental to
understanding the function of proteins and will help shed
light of the mechanisms behind the folding and misfolding
of proteins. The researchers said they now hope to further
develop the method in order to apply it to larger proteins
important for the regulation of cell functions. The study
was reported in last week's online early edition of the
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Discovery launch preparations updated
CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. - Space shuttle Discovery's STS-131
astronauts spent Monday at NASA's Johnson Space Center in
Houston, reviewing aspects of their upcoming mission. NASA
officials said the crew reviewed stowage and transfer acti-
vities for the items they will transport to the International
Space State. During the weekend, technicians at the Kennedy
Space Center in Florida completed performing additional tests
on Discovery's right reaction control system's helium regu-
lators. The space agency said preliminary data showed the
regulators, which earlier had indicated some malfunctions,
were performing within specifications. Engineers will eval-
uate the data and discuss options Tuesday morning. Monday's
preparations at the space center for Discovery's scheduled
April 5, 6:21 a.m. EDT launch included closeout of the
shuttle's aft compartment. The 13-day mission to the space
station will include three spacewalks to replace an ammonia
tank assembly, retrieve a Japanese experiment from the sta-
tion's exterior and replace a gyro assembly on the station's
truss structure.
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Precise tectonic plate model created
MADISON, Wis. - U.S. scientists say they've created a model
precisely describing the movements of the 25 tectonic plates
that account for about 97 percent of Earth's surface. The
project, which took 20 years to complete, is said to describe
a dynamic three-dimensional puzzle of planetary proportions.
The model was created by University of Wisconsin-Madison
geophysicist Chuck DeMets, Richard Gordon of Rice University
and Donald Argus of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. "This
model can be used to predict the movement of one plate rela-
tive to any other plate on the Earth's surface," DeMets said.
"Plate tectonics describe almost everything about how the
Earth's surface moves and deforms, but it's remarkably simple
in a mathematical way." The researchers said Earth's tectonic
plates are in constant motion, sliding past one another as
they float atop the planet's molten interior. The collisions
and shifts can create mountain ranges or cause earthquakes,
such as the ones that struck Haiti and Chile this year. "We
live on a dynamic planet, and it's important to understand
how the surface of the planet changes," Gordon says. "The
frequency and magnitude of earthquakes depend upon how the
tectonic plates move. Understanding how plates move can help
us understand surface processes like mountain-building and
subsurface processes like mantle convection." The research
is to be reported in the April issue of the Geophysical
Journal International.
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Biofuel plant nematodes surveyed
URBANA, Ill. - University of Illinois scientists say they've
found widespread plant-parasitic nematodes in the first nema-
tode survey of two plants used for biofuels. The researchers
at the university's Energy Biosciences Institute said they
discovered the nematodes in the top two energy-yielding
cellulosic-ethanol feedstock plants -- Miscanthus and switch-
grass. "Nematodes are a part of our soil systems," postdoc-
toral researcher Tesfamariam Mekete said. "However, when it
comes to potential crops for biofuel production, we simply
don't know which nematodes are present in these crops and at
what levels." The 2008-09 nematode survey included samples
from 37 Miscanthus and 48 switchgrass plots in Illinois,
Georgia, Iowa, Kentucky, South Dakota and Tennessee. The
scientists said all sample sites had at least two nematode
species that reduce biomass in most monocotyledon hosts. The
damaging population thresholds for the nematodes to Miscan-
thus and switchgrass are still unknown, but the scientists
said the population densities they encountered might present
a potential risk to biofuels production when compared with
threshold densities reported on other monocotyledon hosts.
"The high levels of nematodes found in our survey and the
damage symptoms observed in infected roots suggest parasitism
may contribute to the decline of biomass production ? and
predispose plants to attack by other soil-borne pathogens,"
Mekete said. Portions of the research that included Kimberly
Reynolds, Horacio Lopez-Nicora and Professors Michael Gray
and Terry Niblack have been published in the journal GCB Bio-
energy.
Finding may affect the study of cosmology
NEW HAVEN, Conn. - A U.S.-led team of cosmologists has used
a type of supernova to reach a finding that might affect the
way scientists measure the expansion of the universe. The
international team led by Yale University cosmologists use
Type Ia supernovae -- the violent explosions of dead cores
of stars called white dwarfs -- as a kind of cosmic ruler to
measure distances to the supernovae's host galaxies and, as
such, to understand the expansion of the universe and explore
the nature of dark energy. Until recently, it was thought
white dwarfs couldn't exceed what is known as the Chandra-
sekhar limit, a critical mass equaling about 1.4 times that
of the sun, before exploding in a supernova. That uniform
limit has been a key tool in measuring distances to super-
novae. Now Richard Scalzo of Yale, as part of a collaboration
of U.S. and French physicists, has measured the mass of the
white dwarf star that resulted in one of the rare supernovae
and confirmed it exceeded the Chandrasekhar limit. "Super-
novae are being used to make statements about the fate of
the universe and our theory of gravity," Scalzo said. "If
our understanding of supernovae changes, it could signifi-
cantly impact of our theories and predictions." The study
that included Yale Professor Charles Baltay and research
scientist David Rabinowitz is to be published in an upcoming
issue of the Astrophysical Journal.
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