Gizmorama
November 6, 2009
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Good Morning,
U.S. scientists have found the chemical that produces a
natural odor in humans that attracts mosquitoes. Check out
all the details on the find in the second article.
Until Tomorrow,
Erin
Questions? Comments? Email me at: mailto:gizmo@gophercentral.com
Email your comments=
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Scientists study nanotube effects on lungs
RALEIGH, N.C. - A North Carolina State University-led study
shows inhaling carbon nanotubes can affect the outer lining
of the lung. The collaborative study involving the univer-
sity, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
and the Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences used mice to
determine what happens when multi-walled carbon nanotubes are
inhaled. Specifically, researchers wanted to determine
whether the nanotubes would be able to reach the pleura --
the tissue that lines the outside of the lungs. Associate
Professor James Bonner, senior author of the study, said
the inhaled nanotubes clearly reached the target tissue and
caused a unique pathologic reaction on the surface of the
pleura, and also produced fibrosis, or scarring. Bonner
said clusters of immune cells began collecting on the sur-
face of the pleura within one day of nanotube inhalation.
Localized fibrosis began two weeks after inhalation. The
study showed the immune response and fibrosis disappeared
within three months of exposure. "It remains unclear
whether the pleura could recover from chronic, or repeated,
exposures," Bonner said. "More work needs to be done in that
area and it is completely unknown at this point whether in-
haled carbon nanotubes will prove to be carcinogenic in the
lungs or in the pleural lining." The study is reported in
the journal Nature Nanotechnology.
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Mosquitoes-to-human attraction identified
DAVIS, Calif. - U.S. scientists say they have identified the
dominant chemical naturally produced by humans that attracts
some mosquitoes to people. University of California-Davis
researchers said they discovered the odor naturally produced
in humans and birds that attract the blood-feeding Culex
mosquitoes, which transmit West Nile virus and other life-
threatening diseases. The scientists said their findings
explains why mosquitoes shifted hosts from birds to humans
and paves the way for key developments in mosquito and
disease control. Entomology Professor Walter Leal and post-
doctoral researcher Zain Syed said they found the semio-
chemical, nonanal, triggers the mosquitoes' keen sense of
smell, directing them toward a blood meal. A semiochemical,
the researchers explained, is a chemical substance or mix-
ture that carries a message. "Nonanal is how they find us,"
Leal said. "The antennae of the Culex quinquefasciatus are
highly developed to detect even extremely low concentrations
of nonanal." Birds, the main hosts of mosquitoes, serve as
the reservoir for the West Nile virus, Leal said. When in-
fected mosquitoes take a blood meal, they transmit the virus
to their hosts, which include birds, humans, horses, dogs,
cats, bats, chipmunks, skunks, squirrels and domestic rab-
bits. The research appears in the early online edition of
the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
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Genes keep close species from reproducing
ITHACA, N.Y. - Cornell University researchers say they have
discovered a genetic mechanism in fruit flies that prevents
two closely related species from reproducing. The scientists
say it's known that when two populations of a species become
geographically isolated from each other, their genes diverge
from one another over time. Eventually, when a male from one
group mates with a female from the other group, the offspring
will die or be born sterile, just as crosses between horses
and donkeys produce sterile mules. Cornell researchers report
rapidly evolving "junk" DNA may create incompatibilities be-
tween two related species, preventing them from reproducing.
In this case, the researchers studied crosses between closely
related fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans.
Nearly 100 years ago, scientists discovered that when male
D. melanogasters mate with female D. simulans, normal males
survive, but the female embryos die. "It has remained an
unsolved problem," said Patrick Ferree, the study's lead
author and a postdoctoral researcher in the lab of co-author
Assistant Professor Daniel Barbash. "The question is, what
are the elements that are killing these female hybrids and
how are they doing that?" The study's findings appear in the
journal PLoS Biology.
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