Gizmorama - September 9, 2013

Good Morning,

Get this... according to French researchers one of the smallest frogs on the planet has no middle ear or eardrum but it can still hear the croaks of other frogs... through its mouth. Is that weird or is it just me? I didn't know that we were looking into the auditory abilities of amphibians.

Learn about this and other interesting stories from the scientific community in today's issue.

Until Next Time,
Erin

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*-- Frogs without ears found to hear through their mouths --*
POITIERS, France - One of the smallest frogs in the world has no middle ear or eardrum but can still hear the croaks of other frogs -- through its mouth, French researchers say. Scientists using X-rays said they've established Gardiner's frogs from the Seychelles islands are using their mouth cavity and tissue to transmit sound to their inner ears. Most frogs do not possess an outer ear like humans, but possess a middle ear with an eardrum located directly on the surface of the head. Incoming sound waves cause vibrations that are sent to the inner ear and then to the brain. "However, we know of frog species that croak like other frogs but do no have tympanic middle ears to listen to each other. This seems to be a contradiction," Renaud Boistel of the University of Poitiers said. X-ray images helped the researchers confirm the mouth of Gardiners's frogs acts as a resonator, or amplifier, for the frequencies emitted by this species, providing a pathway from the mouth through bones to the frogs' inner ear. "The combination of a mouth cavity and bone conduction allows Gardiner's frogs to perceive sound effectively without use of a tympanic middle ear," Boistel said.


*-- NASA study: Industrial soot shrank Alpine glaciers in the 1860s --*
PASADENA, Calif. - Soot from a rapidly industrializing Europe may have caused mountain glaciers in the European Alps to retreat beginning in the 1860s, a NASA-led study suggests. In the decades following the 1850s, industrialization of Western Europe saw the use of coal to heat homes and power transportation and manufacturing, spewing huge quantities of black carbon and other dark particles into the atmosphere, the researchers said. It came at the end of the Little Ice Age, loosely defined as a cooler period between the 14th and 19th centuries, when temperatures dropped and glaciers expanded. But glacier records show that between 1860 and 1930, as temperatures continued to drop and snowfall remained adequate, large valley glaciers in the Alps abruptly retreated by an average of nearly 0.6 mile. Glaciologists and climatologists have struggled to reconcile this apparent conflict between climate and glacier records. "Something was missing from the equation," study leader Thomas Painter, a snow and ice scientist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., said. "Before now, most glaciologists believed the end of the Little Ice Age came in the mid-1800s when these glaciers retreated, and that the retreat was due to a natural climatic shift, distinct from the carbon dioxide-induced warming that came later in the 20th century. Analyzing the levels of carbon particles trapped in ice core layers, the researchers were able to estimate how much black carbon -- soot -- was deposited on glacial surfaces. Black carbon is the strongest sunlight-absorbing atmospheric particle that, when it settles on the snow blanketing glaciers, darkens the snow surface, speeding its melting and exposing the underlying glacier ice to sunlight and warmer spring and summer air earlier in the year. The industrial soot was sufficient to cause glacier retreat despite cooling temperatures, the researchers said. "This [study] result suggests that human influence on glaciers extends back to well before the industrial temperature increases," Painter said.

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