Gizmorama
October 19, 2009
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Don't You Hate Not Knowing About The Batteries In Your Drawer?
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Good Morning,
Scientists are able to estimate earth's conditions as long
as 2 billion years ago by studying rocks found across the
upper Midwest states. Read all about the findings in the last
article.
Until Tomorrow,
Erin
Questions? Comments? Email me at: mailto:gizmo@gophercentral.com
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Nanotechnology used in biofuel processing
RUSTON, La. - U.S. scientists say they are using nanotech-
nology to improve the cellulosic ethanol processes involved
in producing biofuels. Louisiana Tech Professors James
Palmer, Yuri Lvov, Dale Snow and Hisham Hegab say biofuels
will play an important part in sustainable fuel and energy
production solutions for the future. But the professors say
the nation's appetite for fuel cannot be satisfied with just
traditional crops, such as sugar cane or corn. But they note
emerging technologies are allowing cellulosic biomass (wood,
grass, stalks, etc.) to also be converted into ethanol. The
researchers said the nanotechnology processes they developed
can immobilize the expensive enzymes used to convert cellu-
lose to sugars, allowing them to be reused several times,
significantly reducing the overall cost of the process.
Savings estimates range from approximately $32 million for
each cellulosic ethanol plant to a total of $7.5 billion if
a federally established goal of 16 billion gallons of cell-
ulosic ethanol is achieved. The technology is to be high-
lighted Nov. 5 during Louisiana Tech's Energy Systems Con-
ference in Shreveport, La.
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Scientists discover new Mesozoic mammal
PITTSBURGH - Chinese and U.S. paleontologists say they've
discovered a new Mesozoic mammal whose ear structure shows
how mammalian ear evolution occurred. The international
team of paleontologists discovered the new species that
lived 123 million years ago in what is now Liaoning Province
in northeastern China. The scientists said the well preserved
fossil of the newly discovered animal, Maotherium asiaticus,
offers insight into how the mammalian middle ear evolved.
The researchers said such discoveries provide evidence of
how developmental mechanisms impacted the morphological evo-
lution of the earliest mammals and shed light on how complex
structures arise in evolution because of changes in develop-
mental pathways. "What is most surprising, and thus scientif-
ically interesting, is this animal's ear," said Zhe-Xi Luo,
associate director of science and research at the Carnegie
Museum of Natural History. "Mammals have highly sensitive
hearing, far better than the hearing capacity of all other
vertebrates, and hearing is fundamental to the mammalian way
of life. The mammalian ear evolution is important for under-
standing the origins of key mammalian adaptations." Maother-
ium asiaticus fed on insects and worms and lived on the
ground, researchers said. It had about a five-inch-long body
and weighed approximately 0.15 to 0.17 pounds. The research
that included Qiang Ji of the Chinese Academy of Geological
Sciences and Xinliang Zhang of China's Henan Provincial Geo-
logical Museum is detailed in the journal Science.
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Banded rocks reveal early Earth conditions
MADISON, Wis. - U.S. scientists say banded rocks found across
upper Midwest states and elsewhere offer clues about the
Earth's environment of more than 2 billion years ago. Univer-
sity of Wisconsin scientists say such rocks, called banded
iron formations or BIFs, formed between 3.8 billion and 1.7
billion years ago at what was then the bottom of the ocean.
The stripes represent alternating layers of silica-rich chert
-- a variety of silica -- and iron-rich minerals like hema-
tite and magnetite. Although BIFs are a rich source of infor-
mation about the geochemical conditions that existed on Earth
when the rocks were made, interpreting the clues has produced
controversy for decades, Professor Huifang Xu said. He said
previous hypotheses about band formation involved seasonal
fluctuations, temperature shifts or periodic blooms of micro-
organisms -- but all of those theories left many open ques-
tions. Now Xu and colleagues from Indiana University and the
Sandia National Laboratory have developed a BIF formation
model offering a more complete picture of the environment
when the rocks developed, including interactions of the rocks
with water and air. The new theory of how the bands developed
and what they reveal about the early ocean floor's compo-
sition, seawater and atmosphere appears in the early online
edition of the journal in Nature Geoscience.
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