Gizmorama
May 3, 2010
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Good Morning,
The largest optical telescope in existence gets a little
help from 'Lucifer'; a camera installation that allows
astronomers to see things not observable before. Take a
look at the first article for more details on this neat new
optical addition.
Until Next Time,
Erin
Questions? Comments? Email me at: mailto:gizmo@gophercentral.com
Email your comments=
P.S. You can discuss this issue or any other topic in the new
Gizmorama forum. Check it out here...
http://gizmorama.gophercentral.com
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Astronomers watch stars being born
TUCSON - A new instrument has been installed in the world's
largest optical telescope, allowing a view of the most dis-
tant and faintest objects in the universe. The instrument,
called Lucifer, was installed in the Large Binocular Tele-
scope on Mount Graham in southeastern Arizona. The telescope's
U.S, German and Italian partners said Lucifer is the first of
two new innovative near-infrared cameras and spectrographs
to be installed in the telescope. After more than a decade
of design, manufacturing and testing, Lucifer provides a
powerful tool to gain spectacular insights into the universe,
the scientists said. Lucifer, built by a consortium of German
institutes, will be followed by an identical instrument that
is to be installed next year. "With the large light-gathering
power of the (telescope), astronomers are now able to collect
the spectral fingerprints of the faintest and most distant
objects in the universe," said Professor Richard Green of the
University of Arizona's Steward Observatory and the tele-
scope's director. Lucifer is mounted at the focus points of
the telescope's two giant 27.6-foot-diameter mirrors. Each
instrument is cooled to minus 213 degrees Celsius to observe
near-infrared wavelengths. The researchers said near-infrared
observations are essential for understanding the formation
of stars and planets. Lucifer is an acronym for large binoc-
ular telescope near-infrared utility with camera and integral
field unit for extragalactic research.
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CO2 causing rapid ocean acidification
WASHINGTON - U.S. scientists say man-made carbon dioxide
emissions are producing an unprecedented increase in the rate
of acidification of the Earth's oceans. The summary of a
congressionally requested study by the National Research
Council says unless carbon dioxide emissions are substanti-
ally curbed or atmospheric CO2 is controlled by some other
means, the oceans will continue to become more acidic. The
long-term consequences of ocean acidification on marine life
are unknown but the report says many ecosystem changes are
expected. Researchers explained the oceans absorb approxi-
mately one-third of man-made CO2 emissions, including those
from fossil-fuel use, cement production and deforestation.
The CO2 taken up by the ocean decreases the pH of the water
and leads to a combination of chemical changes collectively
known as ocean acidification. The rate of acidification pro-
jected to the end of the century exceeds any known to have
occurred in hundreds of thousands of years, the report said.
Existing data suggest that situation will lead to shifts in
the composition and functioning of many marine ecosystems,
potentially threatening coral reefs, fisheries, protected
species and other natural resources. A summary of the report
is available at http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12904.
Study: The human brain may not be special
CAMBRIDGE, England - A British-led study has found striking
similarities among the human brain, the nervous system of
the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans and computer chips.
A team of U.K., U.S. and German neuroscientists and computer
experts led by University of Cambridge Professor Edward
Bullmore compared the way the systems are organized and
found all three have the same networking principles. The
researchers said they found all three share two basic prop-
erties: All have the same architecture, with the same pat-
terns repeating at different scales; and all show what's
known as Rentian scaling -- a rule used to describe the
relationship between the number of elements in a given area
and the number of links between them. "These striking simil-
arities can probably be explained because they represent the
most efficient way of wiring a complex network in a confined
physical space -- be that a three-dimensional human brain or
a two-dimensional computer chip," Bullmore said. He said the
findings, aside from expanding the understanding of the human
brain's evolution, show humans can learn important lessons
about evolution by studying the way in which technology has
developed and by looking to very simple organisms such as the
nematode. "This challenges the commonly held belief that the
human brain is special," Bullmore said. "In fact, it actually
has much in common with simple organisms such as the worm and
with other animal species." The paper appears in the journal
PLoS Computational Biology.
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Soil microbes don't aid global warming
IRVINE, Calif. - U.S. scientists say the physiology of mic-
robes living underground could determine the amount of carbon
dioxide emitted from soil during global warning. Researchers
at the University of California-Irvine, Colorado State Uni-
versity and Yale University said they have found that as
global temperatures increase, microbes in soil will become
less efficient in converting carbon into carbon dioxide,
which is a key contributor to climate warming. Microbes, in
the form of bacteria and fungi, use carbon for energy to
breathe, or respire, and to grow. The scientists said a model
they developed shows microbes exhaling carbon dioxide furi-
ously for a short period of time in a warmer environment but,
as higher temperatures persist, the less-efficient use of
carbon by the microbes causes them to decrease in number,
eventually resulting in less carbon dioxide being emitted
into the atmosphere. "Microbes aren't the destructive agents
of global warming that scientists had previously believed,"
UC-Irvine Assistant Professor Steven Allison, the study's
lead author, said. The research, which included Matthew
Wallenstein of Colorado State University and Yale Assistant
Professor Mark Bradford, appears in the early online edition
of the journal Nature Geoscience.
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