Gizmorama

April 12, 2010
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Good Morning,

Scientists from Japan and Taiwan have uncovered some inter-
esting new information on the growth of galaxy clusters and,
ultimately, the evolution of this universe. Check out the
first article in the middle segment of this letter for more
details.

Until Next Time,
Erin

Questions? Comments? Email me at: mailto:gizmo@gophercentral.com
Email your comments=


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Spray-on transistors may become possible

GAITHERSBURG, Md. - U.S. government scientists have discov-
ered an organic semiconductor that might be a good vehicle
for creating spray-on electronics. National Institute of
Standards and Technology researchers said the organic semi-
conductor might be used to create large-area electronics,
such as solar cells and displays, which can be sprayed onto
a surface as easily as paint. While such electronics are
not ready for marketing, the research team says the material
could overcome one of the main cost hurdles blocking large-
scale manufacture of organic thin-film transistors. "At
this stage, there is no established best material or manu-
facturing process for creating low-cost, large-area elec-
tronics," Calvin Chan, a NIST electrical engineer, said.
"What our team has done is to translate a classic material
deposition method, spray painting, to a way of manufacturing
cheap electronic devices." Chan says the simplicity of spray-
on electronics gives it a potential cost advantage over
other manufacturing processes for organic electronics. Other
candidate processes, he said, require costly equipment to
function or are simply not suitable for use in high-volume
manufacturing. The research is detailed in the March 30
edition of the journal Applied Physics Letters.

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Astronomers study galaxy cluster growth

TOKYO - A team of scientists from Japan and Taiwan says it
has uncovered details explaining the growth of galaxy clus-
ters. Researchers from Tokyo's Riken Institute and the
Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics
in Taipei said their discovery concerning galaxy clusters
-- the largest gravitationally bound objects known to exist--
offers new clues about the evolution of our universe. The
scientists said they studied galaxy clusters using Suzaku,
an X-ray astronomical satellite developed in Japan, and com-
pared that data with the U.S. Sloan Digital Sky Survey, a
spectroscopic survey by the Apache Point Observatory in New
Mexico. Combined with a gravitational lensing study using
Japan's Subaru Telescope and data from the Hubble Space Tele-
scope, the scientists said their findings provide a detailed
picture of how cluster growth is affected by the large-scale
structure of the surrounding universe. The complex research
is detailed in the April 9th issue of The Astrophysical
Journal.


Binary star system directly observed

ANN ARBOR, Mich. - U.S. astronomers say they have, for the
first time, observed the smaller companion of a binary star
system and the disk of dust that partly obscures it. Univer-
sity of Michigan Associate Professor John Monnier and Uni-
versity of Denver Professor Bob Stencel said they captured
images of the binary star system Epsilon Aurigae in the con-
stellation Auriga at a time when the companion was eclipsing
the larger star -- an event that only occurs every 27 years.
A binary star consists of two stars orbiting a common center
of mass. The brighter star is called the primary and the
other is its companion star or secondary. The researchers
said the primary star was long known to appear dimmer than
expected for its mass. To explain that, astronomers developed
the unlikely theory that a thick disk of dust was orbiting
the smaller star in the same plane as the smaller star's
orbit of the larger star. Monnier said the new images con-
firm that unlikely arrangement. "This really shows that the
basic paradigm was right, despite the slim probability," he
said. "It kind of blows my mind that we could capture this.
There's no other system like this known." Monnier led the
development of the Michigan Infra-Red Combiner instrument
that produced the images by a process called "interfer-
ometry," amplifying and combining images from four tele-
scopes at Georgia State University. The study that included
graduate students Xiao Che and Brian Kloppenborg appears in
the journal Nature.

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Blood enzyme breaks down carbon nanotubes

STOCKHOLM, Sweden - Swedish and U.S. scientists say they
have, for the first time, shown how carbon nanotubes can be
broken down by an enzyme found in white blood cells. The
researchers from the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm,
Sweden; the University of Pittsburgh and the U.S. National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health said their
finding that the enzyme myeloperoxidase can break down
nanotubes contradicts previous theory that carbon nanotubes
are not broken down in the body or in nature. "Previous
studies have shown that carbon nanotubes could be used for
introducing drugs or other substances into human cells,"
said Karolinska Associate Professor Bengt Fadeel. "The prob-
lem has been not knowing how to control the breakdown of the
nanotubes, which can cause unwanted toxicity and tissue
damage. Our study now shows how they can be broken down
biologically into harmless components." Fadeel said the
finding represents a breakthrough in nanotechnology and
nanotoxicology, since it shows an endogenous enzyme can
break down carbon nanotubes. "This means that there might
be a way to render carbon nanotubes harmless, for example,
in the event of an accident at a production plant," he
said. "But the findings are also relevant to the future use
of carbon nanotubes for medical purposes." The research is
reported in the journal Nature Nanotechnology.

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